Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Genetics, Developmental Biology

Human Cloning Biological Aspects True human cloning involves taking a somatic cell from a person and removing its nucleus. Then the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell is removed and placed in the somatic cell. This is impossible in humans right now because the somatic cells are specialized and there are many genes that have been switched off in them that we do not know how to turn them back on. This was done with frogs however. The eggs were implanted with the nuclei from the intestinal lining of tadpoles. Most of these frogs died or grew into monsters. Of the ones that did grow normally they were sterile. Embryo splitting or blastomere separation is what is most commonly referred to as human cloning. Embryos in the early stages of development start to divide into cells called blastomeres. The zona pellucida (a protective covering for the egg) is punctured or removed and the blastomeres are separated from each other. Each blastomere is then covered with an artificial zona pellucida. Then each of the blastomeres starts dividing and becomes an embryo. This was attempted by Hall and Stillman in 1993. They used embryos that contained too much genetic information and got as far as 32-cell divisions in some the embryos. At this stage the embryo can be implanted in the womb. Another technique is nuclear transplantation. In this process unspecialized embryonic cells are used and their nuclei are removed. An embryo in the 32-cell division stage has its blastomeres separated and then the blastomere is fused with an egg cell by using an electric current or another method. A possibility for human cloning that has been proposed is that of the embryos that were cloned and not implanted would be frozen for use in a catalog. The child that was born from a cloned embryo would have a picture taken of him/her and placed in a catalog along with a description of the child. Then prospective parents could choose the child that they want, order its embryo, and implant it into the woman's womb. Then after nine months the couple would have their dream child. Something else that has been proposed is that a black market for embryos would arise. In this situation infertile couples could buy a cloned embryo that was stolen or was to be discarded in order to have a child. Embryo splitting could also be used to rid the world of genetic diseases. One could clone their embryo and test one of the clones for a genetic disease. If the embryo tests positive then all of the clones would be destroyed. If the embryo tests negative for diseases then one of the clones could be implanted to produce a healthy child. Ethical Aspects There are many ethical questions that must be answered before cloning becomes a reality. Many of these questions are difficult to answer because all of the facts are still unknown because cloning itself is still in its early stages as a science. Is Human cloning playing God? "And god said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have domain over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every thing that moveth upon the earth... And God saw everything that he made, and, behold, it was very good." Genesis 1:26-28, 31 Well, alot of that depends on perspective religions. Many believe that it is tampering with the work of God, but others believe that it is a miracle of science that will help infirtile couples live the dream of having their own children. Would you be willing to have a cloned child? Even if you or your spouse were infertile, there are still options other than cloning. Why not adopt? With cloned children, it means that there will be other children exactly like the one you have scatered throughout the world. With adoption, the child you

Controlled comparison Essays

Controlled comparison Essays Controlled comparison Essay Controlled comparison Essay Controlled comparison is applied to comparative studies of small size. One of the scientists, who worked out this approach, Eggan, assumed that â€Å"the combination of the anthropological concepts of ethnology with structure and function, allowing the researcher to pose more specific questions on a broader range of subjects† (qtd in Hoerder, p. 36). Coding approach includes collecting information from two various sources – ethnographic sources and reports of HRAF files, or taking for consideration coded information from ethnographic sources, previously coded, or from other studies. (Hoerder) To make detailed picture of the observed phenomenon it’s necessary to give some details related to basic notions, related to the conception of cross cultural contact. The first of them is â€Å"within-society contact†. This term is used to describe relations that exist between ethnic groups in the society of multiple cultures. Prosperous and developed countries with multiple cultures represented may include various ethnic groups that are integrated into social pattern with the help of special institutions and arrangements that promote shared viewpoints and shape common feeling of being a united nation. USA is the example of such country. Since the early times of its history, a diversity of nations and cultures were introduced to the society. Under such social conditions people face with others, who may have quite different color skin, traditions, viewpoints and religion. In modern advanced societies with developed methods of providing successful inter-cultural contact, this process makes the lives of native population richer. (Furnham, 1986) The other term demanding detailed observation is â€Å"cultural shock†. Within the last 50 years, the number of travels abroad significantly increased. There are multiple reasons for it, including development of fast means of transport, like jumbo jet. In addition to speed, these new means of traveling made traveling abroad cheaper, easier, and, in turn, more available for many people. Global changes in economy also made this process faster. The process of globalization is much spoken about today, and this process refers to entertainment and education equally as to commerce and industry. According to the statistics, â€Å"in 1999 overseas assignments by United States companies exceeded 350,000 business persons, a figure that does not take into account all the other nations sending their executives abroad. It has been estimated that at any given time there are about a million and a half students and scholars attending educational institutions abroad. The figures for tourists are even greater: The World Tourism Organisation has projected that by the year 2010 the number of international tourist-related journeys will rise to a total of 940 million trips per year. † (Hoerder, p. 98) The notion of cultural shock was first used by Kalervo Oberg, anthropologist, who applied it to describe people’s reaction to strange surroundings. The other scientists, that continued to study this condition, offer not to understand it literally: â€Å"that it reflects some of the feelings and experiences of travelers who suddenly find themselves in new, strange, or unfamiliar places. The unknown can be an uncomfortable and at times terrifying experience. However, the use of the word shock places too much emphasis on the threatening circumstances of contact with novel situations, without acknowledging that such experiences may also have beneficial consequences for the participants. † (Hoerder, p. 88) In the cultural dimension several theories have been created to explain the differences between the personalities in the cross cultural aspect. Considering these theories critically, it should be assumed that they have not been created without any reason, and there have existed solid grounds to assume that depending on what culture of origin is the source of social patterns for the personality, it is possible to define the basic criteria of personality characteristics. For example, the theory created by Hoerder states that the cultures endow individuals with different principles that influence behavior. The author of this theory argued that one of the cultural dimensions is always measured through the line of individualism versus collectivism, and these traits should be included into the set of basic characteristics peculiar of the personality in the cross cultural perspective.

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Assignment - 4

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Assignment Example As an example for the second item, if the highest budget value was $154967 while the required budget for next year is less than that, this is a slack. The third item will create a budgetary slack because more money will be used to correct the situation. If $5400 gave the poor results, more dollars will be needed next year. Including depreciation value in the purchase budget will increase cost slightly: this is a slack too. For example if equipment costs $392 today while its charge is $8, the budgeted cost then becomes $400. Inflation rate and fixed cost to the estimates of purchase will slight relax the budget: for example budgeting with $450 for a facility that costs $400 today. Lastly, new employees require higher cost to make labor efficient. Using this cost for approximation of labor efficiency would create a slack. An example would be budgeting for an average $211 for labor efficiency of new employees while only about $110 dollars would be used for the same. I believe Bailey can justify the built-in budgetary slack to the company. The manager may need to explain would benefit the company like preventing frequent returns to the budgeting table or frequent withdrawal of projects. I would suggest for Bailey to improve the company’s budgeting by use of automated systems such as excel spreadsheets for budgeting and driver-based metrics (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). In addition, honesty between departments and management should be maintained so that none is taken for a

Corporate Social Responsibility in Gas Industry Sector in Qatar (the Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility in Gas Industry Sector in Qatar (the case of QAPCO company) - Research Paper Example Yet again others may apply CRS as an engagement plan to reach a given audience as noted by Maignan and Ferrell (2001). Other reasons for engaging in corporate citizenship include: to foster good supplier relations and to overcome limitations posed by taxes and regulations. Across the world, many organizations engage in CRS activities. One organization that operates in Qatar that evidently spends some of its resources on corporate citizenship is Qatar Petrochemical Company (Qapco). This paper will discuss how the business engages in CRS and how the activities are aligned to its plans. Qatar Petrochemical Company admits to be consciousness of its role in giving back to the society. Ever since its establishment, the company has maintained a policy of giving back to the community (Qapcon, 2013). The company which is a leading producer of low density polythene, ethylene and other hydrocarbon products in the Middle East is domiciled in Qatar. The company believes that there is great value in investing in corporate social responsibility activities, especially those that target humans. Qatar Petrochemical Company engages in various CRS activities in a diverse range of fields. The company has made an impact in the health sector by partnering with the Blood Bank Unit at Hamad Medical Corporation to organize blood donation campaigns (Qapcon, 2013). The management of the company has been at the forefront in encouraging the company’s workers to donate blood and thereby help those in need. Qapco’s engagement in the sponsorship of blood donation campaigns may be aimed at attracting a positive public image that could positively impact on the organization’s performance in the local and international markets. Through such activities, the organization may receive recognitions or awards that propel it in positive light and to greater heights. While the organization spends so much in the blood donation campaigns, it probably hopes to gain nothing more than the good will of the community and society at large from the activity. Yet another activity that the company has engaged in previously as part of its corporate social responsibility is sponsoring educational institutions in various projects or activities. Some of the institutions that the company has sponsored include Qatar University, College of North Atlantic, and Omar Bin Al Khattab Educational Campus, just to mention a few (Qapcon, 2013). The company believes that by sponsoring educational institutions, students are bound to benefit by gaining the knowledge and skills that they will need to maintain the country’s path to industrial and technological advancement. In the same respect, Qapco invests in students as a strategy to ensure that it has a future employee base that is well trained, skilled, experienced and highly talented. With such a team of employees, the company is assured of continuous growth in a favourable business environment. Qapco’s investment in educati on related programs is dedicated to ensuring that its future is secured. By sponsoring colleges that offer courses such as engineering, the organization hopes in return to benefit in the future from a highly skilled, well trained, and experienced workforce. In this case, the organization’s focus is on building its human capital in the long run. One other activity that Qapco engages in its corporate responsibility endeavours is environmental protection

Refugee Blues Essay Example for Free

Refugee Blues Essay The speaker is talking to someone My dear (perhaps his wife), the language and tone is very conversational. Each stanza intensifies the situation in the poem. The first stanza brings out that the refugees are homeless. Though there are millions in the city all of whom have some kind of home but the refugees have nowhere to go. In stanza 2, the couple cannot stay in their country. It compares two living people with the old yew tree. Officially dead means you cannot make passport. This section tells us how the refugees are trying to get help. The refugees cannot leave the country due to lack of passport and hence they are described as officially dead, though they are indeed alive. The refugees are treated coldly by the committee and council. They are politely pushed aside but no real help is offered. At the public meeting the speaker demonises the refugees as thieves. This is made to incite ordinary people to hate Jews. A metaphorical storm breaks over the whole of Europe continent as hitler sentences them to death. The tone of the final stanza is very bitter. The comparisons that the poet uses are testimony to these; Pet animals are treated better then Jews. eg: saw a Door opened and a cat let in; Fish are free and Birds are free, Poet blames nazi regime for creating an environment in which natural things act far much better than humans. The poet further uses cruel contrast. For e. g. : he has a dream of a huge building with many rooms for everybody except Jews. In the final stanza the poet enlightens a brightening future for the Jews but now Jews are hunted down by 1000s of people.

tellectual Life of the Painters of the Early Renaissance :: History

Intellectual Life of the Painters of the Early Renaissance Before attempting to answer the question it is important to consider what we mean by ‘early Italian Renaissance. Unlike many periods in history the Renaissance has no obvious start and end dates, for the purposes of this assignment I will define the approximate period within which to look as about 1390 to about 1520. 1390 represents the time when the Carrara court in Padua was gaining an intellectual reputation of excellence, as well as this being about the time that two Roman coin like medals were cast of Francesco II and his father. This represents a typically renaissance trait of looking to antiquities for inspiration, as will be discussed later. The time around 1520 represents when Raphael died this was followed closely by the death of Pope Leo X, the second High Renaissance pope. It is after their deaths that the creative and optimistic mood in Italy began to fade. The decade ending 1520 saw Leonardo da Vinci leaving for France and then dieing there in 1519. There are many other examples that could confirm these dates as significant, and also many more that would dispute them, but for the purposes of simplicity we will take these as a guide. In the beginnings of the Renaissance painting was seen very much as a craft performed by members of the artisan class and not a ‘liberal art’. In fact the term artist was not used, as it is today, as a general term meaning painter and sculptor. ‘Artista’ was a term already in use by Dante, but it was used in reference to a University level graduate of the ‘liberal arts’, it is not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that it is used in a context resembling today's usage. The lower status of painting at the beginning of the Renaissance is reflected in the fact that members of the aristocracy or learned class did not generally practice it. A member of the Milanese aristocracy, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio’s epitaph stressed that although he was a painter, he was an amateur, because if it were thought that he made his living from painting it would significantly lower his social status. It is for this reason that few people in the early Renaissance would see painting as a method of social advancement or to demonstrate intellectual ability. This did not however stop many

How does Mackay express his feelings for the two cultures he belongs to?

Claude Mckay was brought up in Jamaica and moved in the to New York in the 1930s. This was during America's post-economical depression, which meant getting enough money or getting enough money was a very big struggle. It was even a bigger struggle for him to get a good job as an immigrant worker, so he had to settle for menial jobs. Although there was not formal and legal ‘segregation' between black and white as there was in the South, there were areas for only blacks or only whites and prejudice was rife. Mckay became a political and social activist for human rights. In his poems, he evokes a strong sense of his homeland in order to assert the power of its beauty, to seek comfort in the emotional and spiritual warmth he remembers about the place. I SHALL RETURN The title ‘I shall return' suggests a sense of homesickness and emphasises his determination to go back. The title is a definite statement which may suggest a sense of disappointment or frustration which is reminding him of how beautiful his homeland is. It can also be seen as a promise, as if he was promising himself a reward in order to carry on with life struggle with a purpose. He repeats the same statement, almost as if he was trying to memorize it: â€Å"I shall return to loiter. I shall return to fiddle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps to add a certain flow as the reader reads through the poem. It also makes the statement ‘I shall return' become more alive and more promising to come to pass. It could be seen as him making himself a purpose for carrying on with life. He uses colour to describe the images in his homeland: â€Å"†¦like brown blade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦the forest fires burn wafting their blue-black smoke to sapphire skies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This allows the images to be physical and easier to picture. He probably used this technique to make the idea of his returning more realistic for him to be able to picture himself there. He stresses on how much he misses his homeland, even its disadvantages by beautifying them: â€Å"†¦at golden noon the forest fires burn wafting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He uses this to show that his homeland's bad views can be looked upon as exhibitions. This help to promote the idea of his returning even besides the negative aspects. He uses metaphors to describe his feelings for the New York: â€Å"†¦to ease my mind off long, long years of pain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This technique portrays his feelings for New York in a way the reader can relate to. The structure of the text has a tremendous significance as it echoes the pattern of thoughts and feelings of the writer. It heads the reader to understand the message. The poem is written in a sonnet, which is important as a sonnet consists of two stanzas; an octave and a Sestet. The octave involves talking about the problems being faced, whilst the Sestet is about finding a solution to the problem: â€Å"I shall return again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So in ‘I shall return' he uses the idea of returning to his homeland as a solution to his problem. THE TROPICS OF NEW YORK The title ‘The tropics of New York' suggests McKay evolving New York and turning it into his homeland. It could be said that he was missing home so much that he was starting to see visions of his homeland in New York. The title can also suggest Mckay getting used to the Yankees style of life and him finding positive aspects of their culture. He uses repetition and makes the rhythm comparable to that of an excited child at Christmas: â€Å"Bananas ripe and green and ginger-roots†¦and pears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He uses this technique to illustrate the joy he had when he saw these fruits and vegetables. The excitement of the tone is only because the fruit reminds him of his homeland which just goes to show of how much he misses the place. In The Tropics of New York, he uses religious vocabulary to describe the landscape of his homeland: â€Å"†¦mystical blue skies. In benediction over nun-like hill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gives the landscape a significance, which suggests that he adores it. It also adds a sense of silence and peace to the landscape. He uses alliteration to describe his memories of his memories: â€Å"†¦of fruit trees laden by low †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦and dewy dawn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps slow the pace down to help him emphasis the beauty of his homeland. It also adds a gentle sound and some resonance, which helps to produce a visual image of calm beauty. As these were memories, the qualities could not have been present in New York. He evolves senses in order to separate the three stanzas. In the first stanza, he uses the sense of taste and tells of the food he saw. He uses sight in the second stanza to describe what he was seeing and the sense of feeling in the third in order to show his emotions. This allows the reader to picture New York from different points of view. It also helps to convey his emotions in a way that the reader could relate to. He uses archaic syntax in the beginning of the third stanza to describe his emotions after seeing these fruits: â€Å"†¦I could no more gaze†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps to lead the calmness of the stanza. The calmness of the stanza can help evaluate how emotionally touched he was to see these fruits as he probably last saw them a long time ago. He uses a metaphor to describe how he misses his old homeland: â€Å"†¦hungry for the old familiar ways†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The metaphor signals a change from physical longing to emotional and spiritual longing. It shows of how desperate he is to go back to his country. Mckay uses a regular rhythm scheme (a/b/a/b). This helps to contain the emotion. The structure of the poem mirrors the process of seeing the fruit and wanting to eat it, whilst visualising the country it comes from to the spiritual way of life in that place. In conclusion, I found out that Mckay uses both poems to illustrate his feelings towards both places uses techniques such as alliteration, narrative voice, metaphors, vocabulary, structure of the poems etc. His overall feeling is that he misses home and has a great desire to return. He feels living in New York is very painful and he does not seem to want to get use to the its lifestyle: â€Å"†¦hungry for the old familiar ways†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 